====== Market Anarchism ======

According to the [[http://praxeology.net/anarcres.htm|About Market Anarchism]] page of the web site of the [[http://praxeology.net/molinari.htm|Molinari Institute]], a market anarchist or free-market anarchist ((B.K. Marcus, (2003). [[http://www.blackcrayon.com/essays/capitalism/take2/|Capitalism v. Socialism v. Anarchism v. The State]]. //BlackCrayon.com//. Marcus, B.K. (2003) "I do consider the term 'free-market anarchist' to be redundant, but only if one is strict in defining both terms.")) think tank:

>"Market Anarchism is the doctrine that the legislative, adjudicative, and protective functions unjustly and inefficiently monopolised by the coercive State should be entirely turned over to the voluntary, consensual forces of market society... The terms 'anarcho-capitalism' and 'voluntary socialism' have both been associated with the Market Anarchist tradition."

Variations of market anarchism include agorism, so called "[[anarcho-capitalism]]", [[mutualism]], [[geoism]], [[voluntaryism]] and others.

Market anarchism overlaps with the term "[[libertarian_left|left libertarian]]" with three notable exceptions:

1. Those who prefer the term "anarcho-capitalism" often exhibit a tendency to downplay or deny their ideological common ground with advocates of anti-state socialism, often to the point of conceiving of themselves as "right wing" or "right anarchists" and exhibiting what are generally regarded as right-wing cultural attitudes. It should be noted that this is at odds with [[rothbard_e-books_and_related|Rothbard's]] placing of libertarianism on the far left of the political spectrum opposite statist conservatism, with state socialism as a confused centrism (the pursuit of liberal ends through statist conservative means).

2. Some self-described left libertarians are not anarchists and instead advocate a mix of [[minarchism|minarchist]] and social democratic ("liberal") views.

3. Some avowed anarchists also describe themselves as "left libertarians" (as opposed to market oriented "right libertarians" in their view) but are hostile to the insights provided by the market anarchist tradition because they equate a market economy with [[capitalism|capitalism or corporatism]].

=====List of market anarchist schools=====
The genre market anarchism has two distinct branches.((B.K. Marcus, (2004).  [[http://www.blackcrayon.com/essays/capitalism/take3/|Reluctant Capitalist]] //BlackCrayon.com//.)) One branch, called //propertarian market anarchism//, recognizes all economically scarce goods as legitimate property.((Marcus, B.K. (2004). "For the sake of precision, however, we cannot accept 'market anarchism' as a synonym for capitalist anarchism, since not all free-market anarchists accept the private-property (or 'propertarian') requirements of capitalism.")) This includes "natural capital" such as land, but does not necessarily include non-scarce goods such as [[intellectual property]] (patents, copyrights, and trademarks). Propertarian forms of market anarchism include agorism, [[anarcho-capitalism]] and [[voluntaryism]].

The other branch of market anarchism, called //non-propertarian market anarchism//, treats property titles on land as illegitimate, not exchangeable within the free market.((Marcus, B.K. (2004) "Tucker's brand of mutualist market anarchism rejected land-as-property but accepted the Molinarian thesis that legal services (courts, contracts) and security services (police, military) could be produced better, cheaper, and more justly in a competitive market than they are under statist monopoly.")) Non-propertarian forms of market anarchism include geolibertarianism and mutualism.((B.K. Marcus. [[http://www.blackcrayon.com/library/dictionary/?term=propertarianism|propertarianism]]. [[http://www.blackcrayon.com/library/dictionary/|BlackCrayon.com Dictionary]], //[[http://www.blackcrayon.com|BlackCrayon.com]]//)) Unlike the propertarian forms of market anarchism, mutualists support a possession or "occupancy and use" basis for land. As for capital, mutualist opinions differs on whether these should be commonly managed assets or private property.

====Propertarian market anarchism====
  * **[[http://www.lysanderspooner.org/|Spoonerite anarchism]]**: Many consider Lysander Spooner as one of the first natural law philosophers, which influenced later philosophers like Albert Jay Nock and Murray N. Rothbard. However, in contrast to most of the 19th century individualist anarchists, Spooner believe in land ownership.((Spooner's advocacy of private land ownership contrasts with Tucker's opposition of absentee ownership of land.))
  * **[[http://mises.org/literature.aspx?action=author&ID=299|Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism]]**: Like his predecessor Lysander Spooner, Murray N. Rothbard's natural law philosophy centers on an agreed-upon ethical code derived from the non-aggression principle.((Rothbard, Murray. For A New Liberty. [[http://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty11.asp|12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts]]. "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow."))
  * **[[http://www.daviddfriedman.com/|Friedmanite anarcho-capitalism]]**: A theory founded by David D. Friedman in which private defense agencies spontaneously compete for profit.((Friedman, David. //The Machinery of Freedom//. Second edition. La Salle, Ill, Open Court, pp. 116-117. "the systems of law will be produced for profit on the open market")) Friedman's utilitarian methodology contrasts with Rothbard's natural rights theory.
  * **[[http://www.agorism.info|Agorism]]**: A school by Samuel Konkin that holds revolutionary [[counter-economics]] as the ultimate strategy to a free market.  
  * **[[http://www.voluntaryist.com|Voluntaryism]]**: A school headed by Carl Watner, Wendy McElroy, and Robert LeFevre, which advocates civil disobedience and education instead of politics.
  * **[[http://www.wendymcelroy.com|Individualist feminism]]**: A feminist school of thought lead by Wendy McElroy, which largely oppose electoral politics.((McElroy, Wendy. The Debates of Liberty. Lexington Books, 2003, p. 11. Wendy McElroy suggests mutualism "hindered itself" and became "stagnant" by clinging to the [[labor|theory of value]] and refusing to "incorporate the economic theories that were rising within other branches of Individualist thought, theories such as marginal utility."))((Wendy McElroy. [[http://www.wendymcelroy.com/news.php?extend.855|Capitalism Versus the Free Market]] 2007-06-12.}}. McElroy defines "capitalism" as a free market economy.))(([[http://mises.org/story/348|McElroy's views on collectivistic anarchism]].)) 
  * **[[http://folk.uio.no/thomas/po/articles.html|Post-Objectivism]]**: A form of propertarian market anarchism disagrees with fundamental aspects of Ayn Rand's epistemology and ethics. Its primary philosophers include Stefan Molyneux and George H. Smith.
  * **[[http://www.veritasnoctis.net/research.html|Aristotelian liberalism]]**: A thick libertarian philosophy based on the tradition of virtue ethics, free markets, and individual sovereignty. Its philosophers include((Geoffrey Allan Plauche. "[[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/9/8/3/0/p198302_index.html|Aristotelian-Liberal Autonomy]]." //Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hotel, Chicago, IL,// Apr 12, 2007. 2009-02-04.)) Geoffrey Allan Plauche, Douglas Rasmussen, Douglas Den Uyl, Roderick Tracy Long, and Chris Matthew Sciabarra.((Geoffrey Allan Plauche. "[[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/4/3/4/7/p143471_index.html|Aristotelian Liberalism: Eudaimonia, Virtue, and the Right to Liberty]]." //Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Hotel InterContinental, New Orleans, LA,// Jan 03, 2007. 2009-02-04.))
  * **[[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/paleolibertarians/|Paleolibertarianism]]**: Virtually all of its proponents subscribe to [[anarcho-capitalism]], but they differ over what a society which has a state should do about issues like [[state|property]] and immigration.(([[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=26246|"Wrong, Pat, wrong"]] by Karen De Coster, and [[http://www.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory79.html|"The Trouble With 'Cracking Down on Immigration'"]] by Anthony Gregory)) Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Thomas DiLorenzo, Thomas Woods, Lew Rockwell, and N. Stephan Kinsella support this ideology.
  * **Free-market environmentalism**: Advocate private land ownership as to prevent pollution, thus compatible with propertarian market anarchism.

====Non-propertarian market anarchism====
  * **Proudhonian mutualism**: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's anarchism favored [[cooperative]] associations and workers' self-management. However, some consider Proudhon as an individualist anarchist, while others regard him to be a social anarchist. Some commentators consider his preference for association in large industries, rather than individual control, as a branch of social anarchism. Some see it being situated somewhere between individualism and collectivism. Proudhon described the "liberty" which he pursued as "the synthesis of communism and property." ((Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, What Is Property?, p. 281.))
  * **19th century individualist anarchism**: This comprises of some individuals like Josiah Warren, William B. Greene, and Stephen Pearl Andrews, with its ideas like [[mutual banking]], the cost the limit of price, and Gustave de Molinari's private defense. This excludes Lysander Spooner, because he supports private land ownership.
  * **[[http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tucker/|Tuckerite mutualism]]**: Benjamin R. Tucker, a 19th century mutualist, integrated William B. Greene's mutual banking, Henry George's opposition to land ownership, and Gustave de Molinari's private defense. Tucker famously elucidated the "four monopolies," comprising of the money monopoly, the land monopoly, tariffs, and patents. Tucker's ideas later influenced Murray N. Rothbard and mutualist [[Kevin Carson]].
  * **[[http://www.mutualist.org|Carsonian mutualism]]**: Kevin Carson holds "[[capitalism|actually existing capitalism]]" as founded on "an act of robbery as massive as feudalism."(([[http://www.anxietyculture.com/bluffecon.htm#zerointerest|Anxiety Culture: Bluffer's Guide to Revolutionary Economics]])) Carson argues the centralization of wealth and creation of hierarchy is due to state intervention including creating a money monopoly, granting patents and subsidies to corporations, imposing discriminatory [[taxation]], and intervening militarily to gain access to international markets. Carson argues that in a truly [[laissez-faire]] system, the ability to extract a profit from labor and capital would be negligible.
  * **Geoanarchism**: The voluntary form of geolibertarianism as described by Fred E. Foldvary, prescribes private associations to collect rent with the opportunity to secede from a geocommunity (and not receive the geocommunity's services) if desired.((Land and Liberty, May/June 1981, pp. 53-55.))